Water-Limestone Acoustic Impedance Match Yields 49.5% Energy Transfer
Full Description
produces near-optimal energy transfer:
Z_water = 1.48e6 Pa*s/m
Z_limestone = 8.75e6 Pa*s/m
Ratio: 5.9:1
Transmission coefficient:
T = 4 * Z_w * Z_l / (Z_w + Z_l)^2 = 0.495
Nearly HALF of all acoustic energy in water transmits into
limestone. For comparison:
Air -> limestone: T = 0.00012 (0.012%)
Air -> granite: T = 0.00012 (0.012%)
Water -> granite: T = 0.35 (35%)
Water is 4,000x more efficient than air at coupling acoustic
energy into stone. This is why the hydraulic ram pump model
produces kilowatts while air-coupled seismic input produces
only milliwatts. The water is not just the power source — it
is also the optimal coupling medium for injecting that power
into the stone substrate.
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